Is dark matter the last phase of a plasma?
This article answers some of the questions in the
science of astronomy, called dark matter. Showing the history and science
efforts to solve this mystery, The dark matter is
mainly known for the characteristics of effect lens, this effect is caused by
the bending of space-time, according to the theory of relativity, but in the
nature the effect lens is a characteristic only of the crystals. It is also
said that another feature of the dark matter is the anisotropy in the cosmic
microwave background, and it is also well known that the anisotropy in the
matter, is a feature of the crystalline solids. based on the astronomical
theory on the origin of matter in the universe from a plasma, and the laws of
thermodynamics, which it teaches us that the matter under certain conditions
evolves of phase or the aggregate states, based on these thermodynamic laws
applied to the plasma under the conditions of outer space, we can conclude that
the dark matter is a matter evolved, that change in the plasma state the state
of solid ionic or crystals.
What is the dark matter ?
In Astrophysics and physical Cosmology is called dark matter to hypothetical matter that does not emit enough electromagnetic radiation to be detected with current technical means, but whose existence can be inferred from gravitational effects that cause visible matter, such as stars or galaxies, as well as the anisotropies of the cosmic background microwave present in the universe.[i]
History on the dark matter
The first time that suggested the existence of unseen matter was in 1922 by the Dutch astronomer jacobus kapteyn (using stellar velocities)[ii]. Then in 1932 the scientist Jan Oort also proposed the existence of invisible matter, studying stellar movement but these measures were considered to be an error[iii]. But the concept of dark matter, was coined by the Swiss astrophysicist Fritz Zwicky in 1933, when studying the group of galaxies coma, he obtained test of mass nape seen, which called “dunkle matter”[iv]. In the years 1960-1970 Vera Rubin and Kent Vadean, contributed major test of the dark matter, with its works on the curves of rotation of the galaxies, around 1980, dark matter was recognized as a mystery unsolved in astronomy[v]
Proposed alternatives;
To respond to one of the gravitational problems, it was proposed to modify the laws of gravity, by their initials (MOND) 1983, this adjusts the laws of Newton, increasing the gravitational force of the field where gravitational acceleration decreases. Had some success explaining the curves rotating speed of elliptical galaxies, dwarf and elliptical than was designed to correspond, but this explanation fails to explain the effect of gravitational lens seen in the group of galaxies.[vi]
The gravitational lenses;
The only visible characteristic of the dark matter is its effect of gravitational lens, which it causes in the visible matter, such as the stars or the galaxies.
What is a gravitational lens? In practical terms it is an identical effect, to which it originates when we observe things through of a crystal.
Who introduced the concept of
gravitational lens in science?
It was Albert Einstein who introduced in his general theory of relativity in the year 1915, the concept of gravitational lens. It describes how any object with mass generates gravity and the gravitational field causes a curvature of space-time. Similarly, also in the light of distant stars should be deflected by the Sun. And on May 29, 1919 the astronomer Sir Arthur Eddington decided to carry out expeditions to Brazil and Africa to observe the total eclipse, which dramatically confirmed the general theory of relativity of Albert Einstein. Two British expeditions observed during a solar eclipse, that the sun's gravity curves the light of the stars that are behind, as Einstein predicted. For this reason it seems that are displaced in the sky[vii].
How was the process of the
experiment in 1919?
The process of observation consisted in take photographs of these star during the totality of the eclipse total of Sun, and then compare them with other plates of the same region, which were taken when the Sun not was in the neighborhood.
The prediction of the general theory of relativity was
that the light does not travel in a straight line perfect. When traversing the
space-time and closer to its fold (warp) induced by the gravitational field of
an object, the light should bend a little.
Explanation of the results of the
experiment by the team of Arthur Eddington;
The light of the stars was inclined by the attraction of the sun and the stars on the plates of eclipses seem to be pushed outwards in comparison with the support.
(The Theory of Einstein) ... is of deep philosophical
interest. Straight lines in the space of Einstein cannot exist; that are parts
of the curves of gigantic,"
Explanation of the results on the part of independent
experts;
Charles Lane Poor, 1930. "Really the displacements of the stars in minimal grade do not present the similarities foreseen by Einstein; not neither of the direction, nor of the sizes, nor the grade of its fall with alienation of the Sun".
Poor: “The mathematical formula with which Einstein
calculated the flexion of the solar rays interns on the edge of the sun, is a
well-known formula of the optical"[viii].
By Brown (1967), in which Eddington based this was in an assessment
premature of photographic plates. Initially, stars are not "appear"
bent as they should, according was required by Einstein, but then, according to
Brown, occurred the unexpected - multiple stars were then observed bending in a
transverse direction to the expected direction and other more bending in a
direction opposite to that predicts the relativity.[ix]
McCausland (2001) quotes the ex-publisher of the magazine Nature, Sir John Maddox:
"What is not documented so well is that the measurements in 1919 were not very precise".
"Despite the fact that the experimental evidence of relativity seems to have been very weak in 1919, the enormous fame of Einstein has remained intact and its theory since then has been considered one of the greatest achievements of human thought"
The BIPP asked:
"This was the deception of the century?" and exclaimed: "The report of the relativity of Eclipse 1919 of the Royal Society deceived us for 80 years!"
McCausland said that, "In the opinion of the author, the unsuspecting notice of confirmation decisive of the general theory of Einstein in November 1919 was not a triumph of science, as is often portrayed, but that is one of the incidents most unfortunate in the history of science of the century 20"[x] .
Nicolas tesla said; I
argue that the space cannot be curved for the simple reason that cannot have
properties.[i]
Rogelio Perez 2015:
The super symmetry as response;
The dark matter is a matter that has never been seen, that scientists know that exists on the gravitational effects in the visible matter. And in that search the scientists were raised the possibility that there is another kind of matter, whose particles were beyond the standard model known, based on the existence of an invisible matter, studied the particles of the standard model and found an anomaly in the standard model, in a particle known as "quark beauty", then to explain this anomaly emerged an explanation of new particles known as super symmetry, "Susy" which explains that every fundamental particle has a super partner, proving that the lightest of the group of particles theorized (not discovered), could have the properties hypothetical dark matter, known as particle super symmetry, “WIMP”[xi].
Many were the experiments to try to prove the
particles super symmetry, and mainly the particle WIMP, on the part of the
scientific community as the laboratories of snolab, the Sasso, jinpinp in china
etc, but still have not found anything.
Then if we can say is that in the Large colisionador
of adrones of Europe (LHC), it showed the results of the study of the anomaly
of the fundamental particle “quark beauty”, of whose anomaly causes the new
physics or supersymmetry, showing as results that this anomaly does not exist,
and that the particle "quark beauty", behaves as predicted in the
standard model[xii].
Where do originate the matter in
the universe?
The origin of matter in the universe, according to the paradigm that reigns in the science, teaches us that the matter originated of plasma, in big bang. Based on this information we can say that the dark matter is caused by plasma.
What is plasma?
In physics and chemistry, is called plasma; the fourth state of aggregation of matter. The plasma is the state of aggregation most abundant nature, and most of the matter in the visible universe is in the plasma state.
In physics and chemistry, is called plasma; the fourth state of aggregation of matter. The plasma is the state of aggregation most abundant nature, and most of the matter in the visible universe is in the plasma state.
Can plasma change of state?
Any substance or mixture, modifying their conditions of temperature or pressure
can be obtained different states or phases, called states of aggregation of
matter, in relation to the forces of union of the particles (molecules, atoms
or ions) that constitute it.
In physicist and
chemist it is named a change of the state to the evolution of the matter
between several aggregation states without a change happening in its
composition.
The three states most
studied and common on Earth are the solid, liquid and gas; however, the state
of aggregation more common in the universe is the plasma, material of which
they are composed the stars (if the dark matter discards).
What process passed in the evolution of substance
plasma to another state?
Des Ionization: Is the change of a plasma toward a gas, but a plasma when it has evolved toward the gas, is said to be an ionic gas. Sublimation reverse; i.e. the direct passage of the state of gas to solid state. But when a gas-ionic evolves toward a solid, they are called solid ionic and a solid ionic is a crystal.
The
ionic crystals
The positive and negative ions are supported in the
crystalline network by electrostatic attractions. Because the forces are
strong, the substances ionic have high melting points. The ionic crystals are
hard and fragile. Due to the movement of a plane of ions on other, the ions
with the same load are repelled mutually. The crystal breaks in pieces, these
are good electricity drivers when they are melted or in solution (Mortimer,
1983).
The anisotropy of the material is most pronounced in
the crystalline solids, due to its atomic structure and molecular regulate.[i]
[i]
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisotrop%C3%ADa
Conclusions of the
research;
The results of this research teaches us that the lens effect by the bending of the vacuum of space-time, which was discovered in 1919, with the experiment applied by the doctor Arthur Eddington with telescopes simple located below the atmosphere and at the level of the sea, was not due to an optical effect caused by the bending of the vacuum of space-time by gravity of the Sun but on an optical effect originated at the top of the atmosphere by water crystals, this optical effect could have been aggravated even more by the moisture from the air and be located under the level of the sea, temperature affects the observations, effect that for the period was not known.
Also based on the claims that gave us the scientist
Carlos poor in 1930, on the mathematical formula used by Albert Einstein, for
calculations of the experiment of 1919, we learn that was a formula is well
known to the optics. This brings us to the conclusion that mathematically the
effect of gravitational lens and the effect of lens by crystals is the same.
Also it is possible to conclude that the particle
theory for the explanation of the dark matter, also known as particles super
symmetrical "WIMP", was an interesting attempt, arising from an
alleged abnormality in a fundamental particle “quark beauty”, that the Large
Hadron Colisionator of Europe (LHC) was able to clarify.
But the explanation of a mystery as is the dark
matter, with particles theoretical (not verified), was a bet very high, because
it seems to want to explain a matter unknown with particles unknown.
Based on the astronomical theory on the origin of the
matter in the universe from a plasma in big bang, and the laws of the
thermodynamics, which it teaches us that the matter under certain conditions
evolves of phase or the aggregate states, based on these thermodynamic laws
applied to the plasma, under the conditions of outer space, we can conclude
that the dark matter is a matter evolved, that change of the plasma state, the
state solid ionic or crystals.
it conclude that if all matter in the universe
originates from a plasma, which is cooled, and most of the matter in the
universe cannot be seen by the astronomical means today, but is known by the
gravitational effects. Now knowing the characteristics of the crystals, which
are very difficult to observe with the astronomical means today, its nature of
lens, it can be concluded that the dark matter are ionic crystals.
Bibliography,
[ii] Kapteyn, Jacobus Cornelius (1922). "First attempt at
a theory of the arrangement and motion of the sidereal
system". Astrophysical Journal. 55: 302–327. Bibcode:1922ApJ....55..302K. doi:10.1086/142670. It is incidentally suggested
that when the theory is perfected it may be possible to determine the
amount of dark matter from its gravitational effect. (emphasis in original)
[iii] Oort, J.H. (1932) "The
force exerted by the stellar system in the direction perpendicular to the
galactic plane and some related problems," Bulletin of the
Astronomical Institutes of the Netherlands, 6 : 249-287.
[iv] Zwicky, F. (1933), "Die Rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen
Nebeln", Helvetica Physica Acta, 6: 110–127, Bibcode:1933AcHPh...6..110Z See also Zwicky, F. (1937), "On
the Masses of Nebulae and of Clusters of Nebulae", Astrophysical
Journal, 86: 217, Bibcode:1937ApJ....86..217Z, doi:10.1086/143864
[v] Rubin, Vera C.; Ford, W. Kent, Jr. (February 1970). "Rotation of the Andromeda Nebula from a
Spectroscopic Survey of Emission Regions". The Astrophysical Journal. 159: 379–403. Bibcode:1970ApJ...159..379R. doi:10.1086/150317.
[vi] Brownstein, J.R.; Moffat,
J. W. (2007). "The Bullet Cluster 1E0657-558 evidence shows modified
gravity in the absence of dark matter". Monthly Notices of the Royal
Astronomical Society. 382 (1): 29–47. arXiv:astro-ph/0702146. Bibcode:2007MNRAS.382...29B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12275.x.
[viii] The deflection of light as observed
at total solar eclipses Authors: Poor, Charles Lane Publication: Journal of the
Optical Society of America, vol. 2, issue 4, p.173 Publication Date: 04/1930
Origin:
[ix] Brown,
G. Burniston (1967), "¿Qué pasa con la relatividad?", Boletín del
Instituto de Física y Sociedad de la Física, Págs. 71-77.
G.
Burniston Brown, What is wrong with relativity?, Bulletin of the
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[x] Maddox, J. (1995), "Flexiones más
Precisos de la Luz Solar ", Revista Nature 377:11.. J. Maddox, More Precise Solarlimb Light-bending, 1995.
